All foods for the diet are measured according to the amounts in the exchange lists. Level measures with standard measuring cups and spoons are used. When purchasing meat, for 3 oz of cooked meat allow:
4 oz raw lean meat or fish, if there is no waste;
5 oz raw meat, fish, or poultry, if there is a small amount of bone or fat to be trimmed
off;
6 oz raw meat, fish, or poultry, if there is much waste.
Foods are prepared using only those allowed on the meal pattern. No extra flour, bread crumbs, butter, or other foods may be used. Many recipes are available from diabetic cookbooks and can be adapted to the patient's prescription.
Meats may be broiled, baked, roasted, or stewed. If they are fried, some of the fat allowance must be used.
Water-packed fruits (canned without sugar) are available in most food markets and may be used according to the exchange lists. Frozen or canned fruits packed with sugar must be avoided. It is important to read labels carefully.
Snacks are permitted only if they are calculated in the diet plan. They are necessary with the long-acting insulins. The patient may have coffee, tea, fat-free broth, unsweetened gelatin, chicory, Chinese cabbage, endive, escarole, lettuce, parsley, radishes, and watercress without calculating them.
Each patient's tray is a teaching aid. The patient should be instructed to become visually accustomed to the size of portions. He should learn to relate the specific foods on his tray to the exchange lists.
As a nurse you should consistently check the patient's tray after each meal to know how well he is eating. If he is taking insulin and refuses food, an arrangement is made for a substitution so that he will not go into insulin shock.
*5/234/5*

Fluoride is an essential trace element, and the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance is up to 4 milligrams per day. About 50 percent of the American population now drinks water that has been fluoridated. Fifty percent of those who are 17 years old or younger have no dental decay whatsoever. This was not the case in the United States just fifteen years ago.
Fluoride occurs naturally in foods and the environment. Water is the number one source of fluoride, which is also found in certain plants, such as tea, and fish products. Some areas of the United States, including the Rocky Mountain and southwestern areas, have many more times the optimal content of natural fluoride in their water. Since climate determines the amount of water children drink in a particular area of our country, the concentration of fluoride in the community water supply will vary accordingly. The United States government recommends fluoride supplementation when the drinking water contains less than 0.7 ppm (parts per million). The optimal range for drinking water should be 0.7-1.2 ppm.
High doses of fluoride (75 milligrams a day) have been used in an attempt to increase the bone matrix in patients with osteoporosis.192 In this study and other studies, using high doses of fluoride did, in fact, make the bones appear more solid on X rays, but the bones were extremely brittle and broke. However, low doses of fluoride under the 4-milligram Recommended Dietary Allowance have been shown to enhance the entry of calcium into the bone, to form a very solid bone matrix, and to help correct the effects of osteoporosis.
Some health enthusiasts have indicted fluoride as a trace mineral that causes cancer. A number of studies were conducted recently to address this very issue, and the data show that fluoride in low concentrations does not cause cancer. The 1990 National Toxicology Program said that very high doses of fluoride, much higher than the amount humans are exposed to, may cause a marginal increase in cancer in test animals.
At least 51 percent of the inhabitants of more than thirty-six states are drinking fluoridated water. New Jersey, third from the bottom of the list of states drinking fluoridated water, has 15 percent of its population drinking fluoridated water. Ninety-one percent or more of the population in the following states are drinking fluoridated water: Michigan, Connecticut, South Carolina, South Dakota, North Dakota, Georgia, Maryland, Colorado, Indiana, Illinois, and the District of Columbia.
*36\360\2*

in its simplest form Dr. Cloninger's model suggests that most of the important differences between our personalities may be accounted for by three key qualities or dimensions: harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and reward dependence.
"Harm avoidance" refers to the urge to escape from unpleasant experiences. People low in harm avoidance tend to be carefree, confident, relaxed, optimistic, uninhibited, outgoing, and energetic. Those who are high in harm avoidance, on the other hand, tend to be timid, inhibited, apprehensive, tense, shy, easily fatigued, and pessimistic about the future.
"Novelty seeking" describes a capacity to be exhilarated by new experiences. Everyone likes excitement now and then, but people who score high in this dimension live for it. They are impulsive, fickle, quick-tempered, extravagant, and disorderly risk-takers. Daredevils fit here. Those who are low in novelty seeking are reflective, loyal, stoic, slow-tempered, and orderly. They're good scouts.
"Reward dependence" refers to the need to be reinforced by approval from others. Those on the low end of this personality dimension tend to be detached, emotionally cool, practical, and tough-minded. People high in reward dependence are sympathetic, eager to help, and sentimental. They're people-pleasers.
Consider some of the combinations. A person who is low in harm avoidance, high in novelty seeking, and low in reward dependence is fearless, impulsive, explorative, and doesn't care what people think. In the extreme this is the criminal personality type. Think Charles Manson. If reward dependence is changed from low to high while the other two factors stay the same, then a person is impulsive and explorative but also emotionally vulnerable. He or she craves activity and excitement but needs positive feedback. This is the attention-seeking, dramatic, gullible individual; perhaps an example would be Marilyn Monroe. Each of the combinations of Cloninger's traits corresponds to a recognizable character.
OCD sufferers, according to Dr. Cloninger's theory, are high in harm avoidance, low in novelty seeking, and high in reward dependence. Recent studies from the universities of Iowa and Toronto have confirmed the strong correlation of OCD to high harm avoidance and low novelty seeking. There is suggestive evidence tying OCD to high reward dependence. OCD sufferers are timid, sentimental, good scouts, people-pleasers. That description fits a surprisingly large number of my OCD patients.
The term harm avoidant fits me to a T. Novelty seeking? When I was a child, my family visited New York City. My brother wanted to see Broadway; I wanted to stay in the hotel room and play cards. My brother is now in the foreign service; I'm living in my hometown. And reward dependence? I can't remember even once making my parents mad at me. This is simply the typical personality pattern of the person who develops OCD.
Of considerable value in Cloninger's personality classification scheme is the fact that, for the first time, personality types have been connected to brain chemistry. Correlations are introduced between, for instance, harm avoidance and the level of the neurotransmitter serotonin; between novelty seeking and the neurotransmitter dopamine. This link allows patients to gain an appreciation of the interrelation between OCD's psychological roots and the biochemical causes of the disorder.
*23/338/2*

Amebiasis is an infection caused by Endamoeba histolytica. About 30,000,000 Americans are said to carry this organism in their bowels. Most have no symptoms; others apparently more sensitive to the infestation develop fatigue, fail to gain weight, have difficulty in sleeping, may occasionally become nauseated and vomit, suffer from abdominal pain or tenderness and often a low-grade fever. The diagnosis depends on finding the organism in the material excreted by the bowel. This is examined with special stains and observed under the microscope. The condition, once thought to be a tropical disease, is now recognized rather generally throughout the world. A number of drugs have been developed which are quite effective in destroying the amebae and removing them from the body. The one most widely used throughout the world is emetine, but others, such as aralin, chiniofon, fumadil, and milibis are widely used. The patient must be watched carefully to see that he has enough fluids in the body. Signs of abscess-formation in the liver - a most serious complication - must be detected promptly to prevent fatality. Quite commonly used for mild cases is terramycin. For the prevention of the diarrhea, ordinary paregoric may be helpful. The diet should include soft foods, and vitamins are usually given, because the person who is having severe diarrhea with loss of appetite is quite certain not to get sufficient vitamins.
*26/318/5*

Sleep apnea, as noted earlier, is classified as central (if the cause stems from a disorder affecting the central respiratory drive) or obstructive (if a physical defect leads to blocked airways). The more sleep researchers learn about these conditions, however, the more the distinctions between them become blurred. "Pure" central sleep apnea (CSA)—the total absence of breathing effort and airflow through the nose and mouth—and "pure" obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)—decreased or absent airflow coupled with increased breathing effort—are rarely seen. More often the problem is a mixture of the two: a central malfunction that in turn causes some kind of airway blockage. CSA was discussed in the previous chapter because it often results in nighttime awakenings. Here we will focus on OSA because of its association with excessive daytime sleepiness.
To be considered clinically significant, the lack of airflow must last for at least ten seconds; some reports describe patients who stop breathing for up to a minute and a half. (For some reason, you are able to hold your breath longer when you are asleep than when you are awake.) Normally everyone experiences four or five apneic episodes per hour of sleep, but patients with sleep-disordered breathing may have five hundred, eight hundred, even a thousand episodes in an eight-hour period. People who experience a thousand microarousals over the course of a night—an average of one every thirty seconds—understandably feel, on rising, that they didn't sleep at all. However, unless these victims have been aroused for ten to fifteen seconds, they are not likely to realize that their sleep has been disturbed. Consequently they may wonder why they feel sleepy during the day.
*134\226\8*

Zinc
Aids in growth and repair of injured tissues, and promotes in healing of wounds and skin infections.
As a supplement: Chelated zinc, 1550 mg., daily.

Cysteine
Helps keep skin soft and supple, aids in inhibiting the aging process of skin and the formation of wrinkles.
As a supplement: 1 gram daily, between meals, with juice or water (no protein).
Acidophilus
Aids in the prevention of skin eruptions caused by unfriendly bacteria in the system.
As a supplement: 3 tbsp., daily. Take 1 tbsp. - or 2 capsules - after each meal.

Chlorophyll
A wound-healer and a prime stimulant for the growth of new tissue; also helps prevent bacterial contamination of skin.
As a supplement: 3 tsp. or nine tablets, daily. Take 1 tsp. - or three tabs - after each meal.

Must Minerals
Calcium is important for soft smooth skin tissue; copper for skin colour; iron to improve pale or lifeless skin; potassium for dry skin and acne; zinc for external and internal wound-healing.
As a supplement: If you're eating habits are erratic and you're not getting sufficient amounts of these minerals, I'd recommend six multiple chelated mineral tablets daily, two after each meal or three in a.m. and p.m.
Also, for general allover skin tone and health, I'd recommend a multiple-vitamin and mineral complex be taken daily. And don't forget about exercise! Circulation-building aerobics bring blood and more nutrients to the skin.
*2/137/5*

Unlike the male, if the female is restimulated after her orgasm, she can be multi-orgasmic, that is, she can have many orgasms. Her orgasmic potential—single or multiple—is not stamped on her; in fact, she herself is unaware of her capability. For instance, the so-called sex-bomb with a sexy walk, a husky voice and inviting lips may be only mildly orgasmic or not at all. In spite of all her sex appeal, she just peters out at the finishing line. On the other hand, some of the plain Janes who all walk, talk, and look alike can be extremely sensual. There is a torrent of pent-up passion in these not-sexy-to-look-at types waiting to be unlocked by the right male—the sensuous male who restimulates her after she has had the first orgasm until she responds again and has a second one. After a pause of a few seconds, keep on rekindling her passions until she has reached satiety and calls it a day. You will earn her eternal gratitude for having fulfilled her completely. If you have already ejaculated and cannot continue with penile stimulation, your faithful and obedient ally—your index finger—is always at your command for any length of time. Unlike the penis, you can use your will power to make it perform at any time, anywhere, for as long as you want.
*93\262\8*

There is no part of us with which we are so well Acquainted as our skin. It is in plain view, theoretically at least, and actually, with the revealing costumes of modern styles. Even the inside of the mouth, which we can easily peer into, is lined with a modified sort of skin, and the teeth are formed from it, as are numerous glands. Our class in the animal kingdom is named after the most prominent of these glands, the mammae, or breasts.
It is not remarkable that man has been popularly subdivided according to his most familiar aspect, the color of the skin. So we have the white race, and in this country the red man or Indian, the yellow races of Asia, and the blacks of Africa. This is certainly not a scientific classification and I am sure the anthropologists do not attach undue weight to this one factor. Nevertheless the result of untold centuries of strict breeding has been that Negroes, for instance, who have under the surface of the skin enormous quantities of brown coloring matter, will continue to have offspring of the same color. That is, unless the offspring intermarry with whites.
The skin is adapted to more purposes than any other part of the body and cannot be duplicated even by our ingenious modern machinery. Who can create a tough but highly elastic fabric that will withstand heat and cold, wet and drought, acid and alkali, microbic invasion and the wear and tear of three score years and ten, yet effect its own repairs throughout and even present a seasonable protection of pigment against the sun's rays?
*1/276/5*

Since the time immemorial, men have been using plants as medicine in various diseases. Herbalism is a subject with a long history. We know that animals, in various kinds of ailments turn to plants which they know, perhaps, the primitive men happen to cure in much the same way by trial and error. The result being passed on from one generation to the next.

Morphology of plants, fruits, leaves and flower, cure the disease of the body part, to which they resemble. Anemone hepatica cures liver disease (liver shaped leaves). Physal-is alkakengi cures complaints of bladders (baloon shaped calyx), etc.

Seeds of B. laciniosa resemble to "Shivling" symbol of God Shankar, were used to cure sterility cases as well as to get male child, in prehistoric age. B. laciniosa which is a member of Cucurbitaceae family is a climber which is abundantly found in India. Fmits are purpule in colour with white patches and huge quantity of mucilaginous substance. Seeds are produced in the month of December and January.

Active principle of B. laciniosa has got property to regenerate germinal epithelium in both male and females to produce their reproductive organs like ovum and spermatozoon. Properties described in ancient text is harvested in this study.
MATERIAL AND METHODS

Forty couples were selected on the random basis those who were suffering from primary sterility, secondary sterility and mothers of unisex children (girls) and in need of male child. Only those couples were selected whose females had not attended the age of menopause. They had their regular menstrual cycles of 28 days ± 5.

In cases of females they were primarily investigated for leucorrhoea, vaginal infection, V.D.R.L. test and Rh negative blood grouping to avoid intra-uterine complication to foetus and Rh incompatibility to subsequent pregnancy.

Drug preparation

Matured and healthy seeds of B. lao'iniosa were collected dried and powdered. After the completion of menstrual cycle of female, couples were given 2.5 gms of powder with fresh Cow's milk to both the partners for 14 days early morning in empty stomach.

Couples were advised to commence their mating by 8th day after the oral administration of drug. Females were advised to put themselves in opisthotonic position for an hour. This procedure will be continued till gestation takes place.

EFFECT OF THE DRUG
Orally given powder may cause nausea, vomiting and slight gastric upset to the female. But these symptoms disappeared after 3 to 4 days after the commencement of the powdered drug. After full term delivery non-foetus did not show any complication or toxicity. All gravidae delivered with normal labours.

OBSERVATION

Fourteen cases of primary sterility were treated with this dri.g. Eleven of them conceived and after successful concept ons nine of them delivered male children four of them not conceived due to cystic ovary, diadalphus uterus and pH alteration of vaginal canal one delivered female child.
*30\218\2*

Goitre can be cured by herbal treatments in Ayurveda. To achieve the goal of W.H.O. upto 2000 health for all could be achieved by the curative treatments available in Indian systems of treatment from Ancient times.

History of disease

The disease is most common in hilly and forest areas. Also, it is found hereditary, in poor illiterate persons, and in persons who are using tank water.

Cause

Iodine deficiency is main cause in hill areas. Poverty, malnutrition and heredity are the common causes. It is found common in both the sexes, 1ft pregnant mothers it is more dangerous. Infected mothers with gditre generafy gives birth to disabled children.

Symptoms

Gland or swelling over the neck; physical and mental development is blocked. Effects are found over Liver, heart, muscles, kidney, etc. Patients are found weak and lazy. Dry skin and constipation are the main symptoms. Cold and hot weather is unbearable to such patients.
In Ayurveda, "Malnutrition" is very common symptom of Goitre. Three types of goitre has been mentioned in Ayurveda:
(1) Vataz     (2) Kafaz     (3) Medaz Pathology
Air passage is covered by swelling of glands over neck. Physically and mentally ill developed.

Preventive measures
Iodized salt should be served.
According to Ayurveda diet should be protected seriously.
Adulteration in diet and marketing of ordinary salt to be strictly prohibited.
Education, personal knowledge and publicity should be done about the disease.

Ayurvedic treatment

1.      Kachnar Guggul -    3 tabs morning evening
with Triphla Kwath.
2.  Praval pisti 1/2 gm. Ras Manikya 1/4 gm.

With milk twice a day.

3. Local application on swelling of neck.
Local application:
Guggul (Commiphora mukufl
Raswanti    I
Sulphur    i
Udumber [Ficus racemosa)
4.      Argwadh seeds:      At bed time with hot water to
(Amaltas)    remove constipation.

[Cassia fistula) or
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and other, plants to be used with Gomootra.

Water, Groundnut oil as Enema.

Diet:    Milk, Green vegetables, Sitaphal
{Anona squamosa) Carrot, Onion, Lahusun, Rich diet should be taken, if possible.

Restricted diet:       Fish, Ladys-f inger, Cauli-f lower, Cabbage, Arabi, Shaljam, Urad, Gram Dal, etc.

Other Treatment:     Surgery is also possible now-a-days.
*29\218\2*